此部分為隱藏內(nèi)容，請輸入驗(yàn)證碼后查看
掃描右側(cè)圖片或微信搜索 “ Java技術(shù)分享屋 ” ，回復(fù) “ 驗(yàn)證碼 ” ，獲取驗(yàn)證密碼。
本資料僅供讀者預(yù)覽及學(xué)習(xí)交流使用，不能用于商業(yè)用途，請?jiān)谙螺d后24小時(shí)內(nèi)刪除。如果喜歡，請購買正版！
一.資料截圖
二.資料介紹
超文本傳輸協(xié)議（Hypertext Transfer Protocol，HTTP）是在萬維網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行通信時(shí)所使用的協(xié)議方案。HTTP有很多應(yīng)用，但最著名的是用于web瀏覽器和web服務(wù)器之間的雙工通信。
HTTP起初是一個(gè)簡單的協(xié)議，因此你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為關(guān)于這個(gè)協(xié)議沒有太多好說的。但現(xiàn)在，你手上拿著的是卻一本兩磅重 的書。如果你對(duì)我們怎么會(huì)寫出一本650頁 的關(guān)于HTTP的書感到奇怪的話，可以去看一下目錄。本書不僅僅是一本HTTP首部的參考手冊；它是一本名副其實(shí)的web結(jié)構(gòu)圣經(jīng)。
本書中，我們嘗試著將HTTP中一些互相關(guān)聯(lián)且常被誤解的規(guī)則梳理清楚，并編寫了一系列基于各種主題的章節(jié)，對(duì)HTTP各方面的特性進(jìn)行了介紹?？v觀全書，我們對(duì)HTTP“為什么”這樣做進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的解釋，而不僅僅停留在它是“怎么做”的。而且，為了節(jié)省大家尋找參考文獻(xiàn)的時(shí)間，我們還對(duì)很多HTTP應(yīng)用程序正常工作所必須的、重要的非HTTP技術(shù)進(jìn)行了介紹。在組織得便于使用的附錄中，可以找到按照字母排序的首部參考（這些首部構(gòu)成了最常見的HTTP文本的基礎(chǔ)）。我們希望這種概念性的設(shè)計(jì)有助于讀者對(duì)HTTP的使用。
本書是為所有希望理解HTTP以及Web底層結(jié)構(gòu)的人編寫的。軟硬件工程師也可以將本書作為HTTP及相關(guān)web技術(shù)的條理清楚的參考書使用。系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)師和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員可以通過本書更好地了解如何設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)并管理復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)。性能工程師和分析人員可以從高速緩存和性能優(yōu)化的相關(guān)章節(jié)中獲益。市場營銷和咨詢專家可以通過概念的介紹更好地理解web技術(shù)的前景。
本書對(duì)一些常見的誤解進(jìn)行了說明，推薦了“各種使用訣竅”，提供了便捷的參考資料，并且對(duì)枯燥且令人費(fèi)解的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范進(jìn)行了可讀性很強(qiáng)的介紹。在這本書里，我們對(duì)Web正常工作所必須且互相關(guān)聯(lián)的技術(shù)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹。
本書是很多對(duì)因特網(wǎng)技術(shù)充滿熱情的人經(jīng)過大量工作寫成的。希望對(duì)你有所幫助。
三.資料目錄
第一部分 HTTP：Web 的基礎(chǔ)
第1 章 HTTP 概述 ............................................................................................................................3
1.1 HTTP——因特網(wǎng)的多媒體信使 ...............................................................................................4
1.2 Web 客戶端和服務(wù)器 .................................................................................................................4
1.3 資源 ............................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 媒體類型 ........................................................................................................................6
1.3.2 URI.................................................................................................................................7
1.3.3 URL ...............................................................................................................................7
1.3.4 URN ...............................................................................................................................8
1.4 事務(wù) ............................................................................................................................................9
1.4.1 方法 ...............................................................................................................................9
1.4.2 狀態(tài)碼 ..........................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 Web 頁面中可以包含多個(gè)對(duì)象 ..................................................................................10
1.5 報(bào)文 ..........................................................................................................................................11
1.6 連接 ..........................................................................................................................................13
1.6.1 TCP/IP ..........................................................................................................................13
1.6.2 連接、IP 地址及端口號(hào) ..............................................................................................14
1.6.3 使用Telnet 實(shí)例 ..........................................................................................................16
1.7 協(xié)議版本 ..................................................................................................................................18
1.8 Web 的結(jié)構(gòu)組件 .......................................................................................................................19
1.8.1 代理 ..............................................................................................................................19
1.8.2 緩存 ..............................................................................................................................20
1.8.3 網(wǎng)關(guān) ..............................................................................................................................20
1.8.4 隧道 ..............................................................................................................................21
1.8.5 Agent 代理 ....................................................................................................................21
1.9 起始部分的結(jié)束語 ...................................................................................................................22
1.10 更多信息 ................................................................................................................................22
1.10.1 HTTP 協(xié)議信息 ........................................................................................................22
1.10.2 歷史透視 ...................................................................................................................23
1.10.3 其他萬維網(wǎng)信息 .......................................................................................................23
第2 章 URL 與資源 ........................................................................................................................25
2.1 瀏覽因特網(wǎng)資源 .......................................................................................................................26
2.2 URL 的語法 ..............................................................................................................................28
2.2.1 方案——使用什么協(xié)議 ..............................................................................................29
2.2.2 主機(jī)與端口 ..................................................................................................................30
2.2.3 用戶名和密碼 ..............................................................................................................30
2.2.4 路徑 ..............................................................................................................................31
2.2.5 參數(shù) ..............................................................................................................................31
2.2.6 查詢字符串 ..................................................................................................................32
2.2.7 片段 ..............................................................................................................................33
2.3 URL 快捷方式 ..........................................................................................................................34
2.3.1 相對(duì)URL .....................................................................................................................34
2.3.2 自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展URL .............................................................................................................37
2.4 各種令人頭疼的字符 ...............................................................................................................38
2.4.1 URL 字符集 .................................................................................................................38
2.4.2 編碼機(jī)制 ......................................................................................................................38
2.4.3 字符限制 ......................................................................................................................39
2.4.4 另外一點(diǎn)說明 ..............................................................................................................40
2.5 方案的世界 ...............................................................................................................................40
2.6 未來展望 ..................................................................................................................................42
2.7 更多信息 ..................................................................................................................................44
第3 章 HTTP 報(bào)文 ..........................................................................................................................45
3.1 報(bào)文流 ......................................................................................................................................46
3.1.1 報(bào)文流入源端服務(wù)器 ..................................................................................................46
3.1.2 報(bào)文向下游流動(dòng) ..........................................................................................................47
3.2 報(bào)文的組成部分 .......................................................................................................................47
3.2.1 報(bào)文的語法 ..................................................................................................................48
3.2.2 起始行 ..........................................................................................................................50
3.2.3 首部 ..............................................................................................................................53
3.2.4 實(shí)體的主體部分 ..........................................................................................................55
3.2.5 版本0.9 的報(bào)文 ...........................................................................................................55
3.3 方法 ..........................................................................................................................................56
3.3.1 安全方法 ......................................................................................................................56
3.3.2 GET ...............................................................................................................................56
3.3.3 HEAD ...........................................................................................................................57
3.3.4 PUT ...............................................................................................................................57
3.3.5 POST .............................................................................................................................58
3.3.6 TRACE .........................................................................................................................58
3.3.7 OPTIONS......................................................................................................................60
3.3.8 DELETE .......................................................................................................................60
3.3.9 擴(kuò)展方法 ......................................................................................................................61
3.4 狀態(tài)碼 ......................................................................................................................................62
3.4.1 100 ～ 199——信息性狀態(tài)碼 ....................................................................................62
3.4.2 200 ～ 299——成功狀態(tài)碼 ........................................................................................63
3.4.3 300 ～ 399——重定向狀態(tài)碼 ....................................................................................64
3.4.4 400 ～ 499——客戶端錯(cuò)誤狀態(tài)碼 ............................................................................68
3.4.5 500 ～ 599——服務(wù)器錯(cuò)誤狀態(tài)碼 ............................................................................69
3.5 首部 ..........................................................................................................................................70
3.5.1 通用首部 ......................................................................................................................71
3.5.2 請求首部 ......................................................................................................................72
3.5.3 響應(yīng)首部 ......................................................................................................................74
3.5.4 實(shí)體首部 ......................................................................................................................75
3.6 更多信息 ..................................................................................................................................77
第4 章 連接管理 ..............................................................................................................................79
4.1 TCP 連接..................................................................................................................................80
4.1.1 TCP 的可靠數(shù)據(jù)管道 ..................................................................................................80
4.1.2 TCP 流是分段的、由IP 分組傳送.............................................................................81
4.1.3 保持TCP 連接的正確運(yùn)行 .........................................................................................82
4.1.4 用TCP 套接字編程 .....................................................................................................84
4.2 對(duì)TCP 性能的考慮..................................................................................................................85
4.2.1 HTTP 事務(wù)的時(shí)延 .......................................................................................................86
4.2.2 性能聚焦區(qū)域 ..............................................................................................................87
4.2.3 TCP 連接的握手時(shí)延 ..................................................................................................87
4.2.4 延遲確認(rèn) ......................................................................................................................88
4.2.5 TCP 慢啟動(dòng) ..................................................................................................................89
4.2.6 Nagle 算法與TCP_NODELAY ...................................................................................89
4.2.7 TIME_WAIT 累積與端口耗盡 ....................................................................................90
4.3 HTTP 連接的處理 ....................................................................................................................91
4.3.1 常被誤解的Connection 首部 .................................................................................91
4.3.2 串行事務(wù)處理時(shí)延 ......................................................................................................92
4.4 并行連接 ..................................................................................................................................94
4.4.1 并行連接可能會(huì)提高頁面的加載速度 ......................................................................94
4.4.2 并行連接不一定更快 ..................................................................................................95
4.4.3 并行連接可能讓人“感覺”更快一些 ......................................................................95
4.5 持久連接 ..................................................................................................................................96
4.5.1 持久以及并行連接 ......................................................................................................96
4.5.2 HTTP/1.0+ Keep-Alive 連接 .......................................................................................97
4.5.3 keep-Alive 操作 ............................................................................................................98
4.5.4 keep-Alive 選項(xiàng) ............................................................................................................98
4.5.5 keep-Alive 連接的限制和規(guī)則 ....................................................................................99
4.5.6 keep-Alive 和啞代理 ..................................................................................................100
4.5.7 插入Proxy-Connection ......................................................................................102
4.5.8 HTTP/1.1 持久連接 ...................................................................................................104
4.5.9 持久連接的限制和規(guī)則 ............................................................................................104
4.6 管道化連接 .............................................................................................................................105
4.7 關(guān)閉連接的奧秘 .....................................................................................................................106
4.7.1 “任意”解除連接 ......................................................................................................106
4.7.2 Content-Length 及截尾操作 ...............................................................................107
4.7.3 連接關(guān)閉容限、重試以及冪等性 ............................................................................107
4.7.4 正常關(guān)閉連接 ............................................................................................................108
4.8 更多信息 ................................................................................................................................110
4.8.1 HTTP 連接 .................................................................................................................110
4.8.2 HTTP 性能問題 .........................................................................................................110
4.8.3 TCP/IP ........................................................................................................................ 111
第二部分 HTTP 結(jié)構(gòu)
第5 章 Web 服務(wù)器 ......................................................................................................................115
5.1 各種形狀和尺寸的Web 服務(wù)器 ............................................................................................116
5.1.1 Web 服務(wù)器的實(shí)現(xiàn) ....................................................................................................116
5.1.2 通用軟件Web 服務(wù)器 ...............................................................................................117
5.1.3 Web 服務(wù)器設(shè)備 ........................................................................................................117
5.1.4 嵌入式Web 服務(wù)器 ...................................................................................................118
5.2 最小的Perl Web 服務(wù)器 ........................................................................................................118
5.3 實(shí)際的Web 服務(wù)器會(huì)做些什么 ............................................................................................120
5.4 第一步——接受客戶端連接 .................................................................................................121
5.4.1 處理新連接 ................................................................................................................121
5.4.2 客戶端主機(jī)名識(shí)別 ....................................................................................................122
5.4.3 通過ident 確定客戶端用戶 ......................................................................................122
5.5 第二步——接收請求報(bào)文 .....................................................................................................123
5.5.1 報(bào)文的內(nèi)部表示法 ....................................................................................................124
5.5.2 連接的輸入/ 輸出處理結(jié)構(gòu) .....................................................................................125
5.6 第三步——處理請求 .............................................................................................................126
5.7 第四步——對(duì)資源的映射及訪問 .........................................................................................126
5.7.1 docroot ........................................................................................................................127
5.7.2 目錄列表 ....................................................................................................................129
5.7.3 動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容資源的映射 ................................................................................................130
5.7.4 服務(wù)器端包含項(xiàng)（SSI） .............................................................................................131
5.7.5 訪問控制 ....................................................................................................................131
5.8 第五步——構(gòu)建響應(yīng) .............................................................................................................131
5.8.1 響應(yīng)實(shí)體 ....................................................................................................................131
5.8.2 MIME 類型.................................................................................................................132
5.8.3 重定向 ........................................................................................................................133
5.9 第六步——發(fā)送響應(yīng) .............................................................................................................134
5.10 第七步——記錄日志 ...........................................................................................................134
5.11 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................134
第6 章 代理 ....................................................................................................................................135
6.1 Web 的中間實(shí)體 .....................................................................................................................136
6.1.1 私有和共享代理 ........................................................................................................136
6.1.2 代理與網(wǎng)關(guān)的對(duì)比 ....................................................................................................137
6.2 為什么使用代理 .....................................................................................................................138
6.3 代理會(huì)去往何處 .....................................................................................................................143
6.3.1 代理服務(wù)器的部署 ....................................................................................................144
6.3.2 代理的層次結(jié)構(gòu) ........................................................................................................144
6.3.3 代理是如何獲取流量的 ............................................................................................147
6.4 客戶端的代理設(shè)置 .................................................................................................................148
6.4.1 客戶端的代理配置：手工 ........................................................................................149
6.4.2 客戶端代理配置：PAC 文件 ....................................................................................149
6.4.3 客戶端代理配置：WPAD .........................................................................................150
6.5 與代理請求有關(guān)的棘手問題 .................................................................................................151
6.5.1 代理URI 與服務(wù)器URI 的不同 ...............................................................................151
6.5.2 與虛擬主機(jī)一樣的問題 ............................................................................................152
6.5.3 攔截代理會(huì)收到部分URI.........................................................................................153
6.5.4 代理既可以處理代理請求，也可以處理服務(wù)器請求 ............................................154
6.5.5 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)過程中對(duì)URI 的修改........................................................................................154
6.5.6 URI 的客戶端自動(dòng)擴(kuò)展和主機(jī)名解析.....................................................................155
6.5.7 沒有代理時(shí)URI 的解析............................................................................................155
6.5.8 有顯式代理時(shí)URI 的解析........................................................................................156
6.5.9 有攔截代理時(shí)解析URI.............................................................................................156
6.6 追蹤報(bào)文 ................................................................................................................................157
6.6.1 Via 首部.....................................................................................................................158
6.6.2 TRACE 方法 ..............................................................................................................162
6.7 代理認(rèn)證 ................................................................................................................................164
6.8 代理的互操作性 .....................................................................................................................165
6.8.1 處理代理不支持的首部和方法 ................................................................................165
6.8.2 OPTIONS：發(fā)現(xiàn)可選特性的支持............................................................................166
6.8.3 Allow 首部 ................................................................................................................167
6.9 更多信息 ................................................................................................................................167
第7 章 緩存 ....................................................................................................................................169
7.1 冗余的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸 .....................................................................................................................170
7.2 帶寬瓶頸 ................................................................................................................................170
7.3 瞬間擁塞 ................................................................................................................................171
7.4 距離時(shí)延 ................................................................................................................................172
7.5 命中和未命中的 .....................................................................................................................173
7.5.1 再驗(yàn)證 ........................................................................................................................173
7.5.2 命中率 ........................................................................................................................175
7.5.3 字節(jié)命中率 ................................................................................................................176
7.5.4 區(qū)分命中和未命中的情況 ........................................................................................176
7.6 緩存的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) .....................................................................................................................177
7.6.1 私有緩存 ....................................................................................................................177
7.6.2 公有代理緩存 ............................................................................................................177
7.6.3 代理緩存的層次結(jié)構(gòu) ................................................................................................179
7.6.4 網(wǎng)狀緩存、內(nèi)容路由以及對(duì)等緩存 ........................................................................180
7.7 緩存的處理步驟 .....................................................................................................................181
7.7.1 第一步——接收 ........................................................................................................181
7.7.2 第二步——解析 ........................................................................................................182
7.7.3 第三步——查找 ........................................................................................................182
7.7.4 第四步——新鮮度檢測 ............................................................................................182
7.7.5 第五步——?jiǎng)?chuàng)建響應(yīng) ................................................................................................182
7.7.6 第六步——發(fā)送 ........................................................................................................183
7.7.7 第七步——日志 ........................................................................................................183
7.7.8 緩存處理流程圖 ........................................................................................................183
7.8 保持副本的新鮮 .....................................................................................................................183
7.8.1 文檔過期 ....................................................................................................................184
7.8.2 過期日期和年齡 ........................................................................................................185
7.8.3 服務(wù)器再驗(yàn)證 ............................................................................................................185
7.8.4 用條件方法進(jìn)行再驗(yàn)證 ............................................................................................186
7.8.5 If-Modified-Since:Date 再驗(yàn)證 .......................................................................187
7.8.6 If-None-Match??實(shí)體標(biāo)簽再驗(yàn)證 .......................................................................189
7.8.7 強(qiáng)弱驗(yàn)證器 ................................................................................................................190
7.8.8 什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該使用實(shí)體標(biāo)簽和最近修改日期 ........................................................190
7.9 對(duì)緩存能力的控制 .................................................................................................................191
7.9.1 no-Store 與no-Cache 響應(yīng)首部 .........................................................................191
7.9.2 Max-Age 響應(yīng)首部 ...................................................................................................192
7.9.3 Expires 響應(yīng)首部 ...................................................................................................192
7.9.4 Must-Revalidate 響應(yīng)首部 .................................................................................192
7.9.5 試探性過期 ................................................................................................................193
7.9.6 客戶端的新鮮度限制 ................................................................................................194
7.9.7 注意事項(xiàng) ....................................................................................................................194
7.10 設(shè)置緩存控制 .......................................................................................................................195
7.10.1 控制Apache 的HTTP 首部 ....................................................................................195
7.10.2 通過HTTP-EQUIV 控制HTML 緩存 ...................................................................196
7.11 詳細(xì)算法 ...............................................................................................................................197
7.11.1 年齡和新鮮生存期 ...................................................................................................198
7.11.2 使用期的計(jì)算 ...........................................................................................................198
7.11.3 完整的使用期計(jì)算算法 ...........................................................................................201
7.11.4 新鮮生存期計(jì)算 .......................................................................................................202
7.11.5 完整的服務(wù)器—新鮮度算法 ...................................................................................202
7.12 緩存和廣告 ...........................................................................................................................204
7.12.1 發(fā)布廣告者的兩難處境 ..........................................................................................204
7.12.2 發(fā)布者的響應(yīng) ..........................................................................................................204
7.12.3 日志遷移 ..................................................................................................................205
7.12.4 命中計(jì)數(shù)和使用限制 ..............................................................................................205
7.13 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................205
第8 章 集成點(diǎn)：網(wǎng)關(guān)隧道及中繼 .............................................................................................207
8.1 網(wǎng)關(guān) ........................................................................................................................................208
8.2 協(xié)議網(wǎng)關(guān) ................................................................................................................................210
8.2.1 HTTP/*：服務(wù)器端Web 網(wǎng)關(guān) ..................................................................................211
8.2.2 HTTP/HTTPS：服務(wù)器端安全網(wǎng)關(guān) .........................................................................212
8.2.3 HTTPS/HTTP 客戶端安全加速器網(wǎng)關(guān) ....................................................................212
8.3 資源網(wǎng)關(guān) ................................................................................................................................213
8.3.1 通用網(wǎng)關(guān)接口（CGI） ................................................................................................215
8.3.2 服務(wù)器擴(kuò)展API .........................................................................................................215
8.4 應(yīng)用程序接口和Web 服務(wù) ....................................................................................................216
8.5 隧道 ........................................................................................................................................217
8.5.1 用CONNECT 建立HTTP 隧道................................................................................217
8.5.2 數(shù)據(jù)隧道、定時(shí)及連接管理 ....................................................................................219
8.5.3 SSL 隧道.....................................................................................................................219
8.5.4 SSL 隧道與HTTP/HTTPS 網(wǎng)關(guān)的對(duì)比 ...................................................................220
8.5.5 隧道認(rèn)證 ....................................................................................................................221
8.5.6 隧道的安全性考慮 ....................................................................................................221
8.6 中繼 ........................................................................................................................................222
8.7 更多信息 ................................................................................................................................224
第9 章 Web 機(jī)器人 ......................................................................................................................225
9.1 爬蟲及爬行方式 .....................................................................................................................226
9.1.1 從哪兒開始：根集 ....................................................................................................226
9.1.2 鏈接的提取以及相對(duì)鏈接的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 ........................................................................227
9.1.3 避免環(huán)路的出現(xiàn) ........................................................................................................228
9.1.4 循環(huán)與復(fù)制 ................................................................................................................228
9.1.5 面包屑留下的痕跡 ....................................................................................................229
9.1.6 別名與機(jī)器人環(huán)路 ....................................................................................................230
9.1.7 規(guī)范化URL ...............................................................................................................230
9.1.8 文件系統(tǒng)連接環(huán)路 ....................................................................................................231
9.1.9 動(dòng)態(tài)虛擬Web 空間 ...................................................................................................232
9.1.10 避免循環(huán)和重復(fù) ......................................................................................................233
9.2 機(jī)器人的HTTP ......................................................................................................................236
9.2.1 識(shí)別請求首部 ............................................................................................................236
9.2.2 虛擬主機(jī) ....................................................................................................................236
9.2.3 條件請求 ....................................................................................................................237
9.2.4 對(duì)響應(yīng)的處理 ............................................................................................................238
9.2.5 User-Agent 目標(biāo) ....................................................................................................239
9.3 行為不當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)器人 .................................................................................................................239
9.4 拒絕機(jī)器人訪問 .....................................................................................................................240
9.4.1 拒絕機(jī)器人訪問標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ................................................................................................241
9.4.2 Web 站點(diǎn)和robots.txt 文件 .......................................................................................242
9.4.3 robots.txt 文件的格式 ................................................................................................243
9.4.4 其他有關(guān)robots.txt 的知識(shí) .......................................................................................246
9.4.5 緩存和robots.txt 的過期 ...........................................................................................246
9.4.6 拒絕機(jī)器人訪問的Perl 代碼 ....................................................................................247
9.4.7 HTML 的robot-control 元標(biāo)簽 ........................................................................249
9.5 機(jī)器人的規(guī)范 .........................................................................................................................251
9.6 搜索引擎 ................................................................................................................................254
9.6.1 大格局 ........................................................................................................................255
9.6.2 現(xiàn)代搜索引擎結(jié)構(gòu) ....................................................................................................255
9.6.3 全文索引 ....................................................................................................................255
9.6.4 發(fā)布查詢請求 ............................................................................................................257
9.6.5 對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行排序，并提供查詢結(jié)果 ........................................................................258
9.6.6 欺詐 ............................................................................................................................258
9.7 更多信息 ................................................................................................................................258
第10 章 HTTP-NG .......................................................................................................................261
10.1 HTTP 發(fā)展中存在的問題 ....................................................................................................262
10.2 HTTP-NG 的活動(dòng) .................................................................................................................263
10.3 模塊化及功能增強(qiáng) ...............................................................................................................263
10.4 分布式對(duì)象 ...........................................................................................................................264
10.5 第一層——報(bào)文傳輸 ...........................................................................................................264
10.6 第二層——遠(yuǎn)程調(diào)用 ...........................................................................................................265
10.7 第三層——Web 應(yīng)用 ...........................................................................................................265
10.8 WebMUX ..............................................................................................................................265
10.9 二進(jìn)制連接協(xié)議 ...................................................................................................................266
10.10 當(dāng)前的狀態(tài) .........................................................................................................................267
10.11 更多信息 .............................................................................................................................267
第三部分 識(shí)別、認(rèn)證與安全
第11 章 客戶端識(shí)別與cookie 機(jī)制 ........................................................................................271
11.1 個(gè)性化接觸 ...........................................................................................................................272
11.2 HTTP 首部 ............................................................................................................................273
11.3 客戶端IP 地址 .....................................................................................................................274
11.4 用戶登錄 ...............................................................................................................................275
11.5 胖URL .................................................................................................................................277
11.6 cookie ...................................................................................................................................278
11.6.1 cookie 的類型 .........................................................................................................278
11.6.2 cookie 是如何工作的 .............................................................................................279
11.6.3 cookie 罐：客戶端的狀態(tài) .....................................................................................280
11.6.4 不同站點(diǎn)使用不同的cookie .................................................................................282
11.6.5 cookie 成分 .............................................................................................................283
11.6.6 cookies 版本0（Netscape） ....................................................................................284
11.6.7 cookies 版本1（RFC 2965） ..................................................................................285
11.6.8 cookie 與會(huì)話跟蹤 .................................................................................................288
11.6.9 cookie 與緩存 .........................................................................................................290
11.6.10 cookie、安全性和隱私 ........................................................................................291
11.7 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................292
第12 章 基本認(rèn)證機(jī)制 ................................................................................................................293
12.1 認(rèn)證 ......................................................................................................................................294
12.1.1 HTTP 的質(zhì)詢/ 響應(yīng)認(rèn)證框架 ...............................................................................294
12.1.2 認(rèn)證協(xié)議與首部 .....................................................................................................295
12.1.3 安全域 .....................................................................................................................296
12.2 基本認(rèn)證 ...............................................................................................................................297
12.2.1 基本認(rèn)證實(shí)例 .........................................................................................................298
12.2.2 Base-64 用戶名/ 密碼編碼 ....................................................................................298
12.2.3 代理認(rèn)證 .................................................................................................................299
12.3 基本認(rèn)證的安全缺陷 ...........................................................................................................300
12.4 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................301
第13 章 摘要認(rèn)證 .........................................................................................................................303
13.1 摘要認(rèn)證的改進(jìn) ...................................................................................................................304
13.1.1 用摘要保護(hù)密碼的 .................................................................................................304
13.1.2 單向摘要 .................................................................................................................306
13.1.3 用隨機(jī)數(shù)防止重放攻擊 .........................................................................................307
13.1.4 摘要認(rèn)證的握手機(jī)制 .............................................................................................307
13.2 摘要的計(jì)算 ...........................................................................................................................308
13.2.1 摘要算法的輸入數(shù)據(jù) .............................................................................................308
13.2.2 算法H(d) 和KD(s,d) .............................................................................................310
13.2.3 與安全性相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)（A1） ..................................................................................310
13.2.4 與報(bào)文有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)（A2） ......................................................................................310
13.2.5 摘要算法總述 ....................................................................................................................311
13.2.6 摘要認(rèn)證會(huì)話 .........................................................................................................312
13.2.7 預(yù)授權(quán) .....................................................................................................................312
13.2.8 隨機(jī)數(shù)的選擇 .........................................................................................................315
13.2.9 對(duì)稱認(rèn)證 .................................................................................................................315
13.3 增強(qiáng)保護(hù)質(zhì)量 .......................................................................................................................316
13.3.1 報(bào)文完整性保護(hù) .....................................................................................................316
13.3.2 摘要認(rèn)證首部 .........................................................................................................317
13.4 應(yīng)該考慮的實(shí)際問題 ...........................................................................................................317
13.4.1 多重質(zhì)詢 .................................................................................................................318
13.4.2 差錯(cuò)處理 .................................................................................................................318
13.4.3 保護(hù)空間 .................................................................................................................318
13.4.4 重寫URI .................................................................................................................319
13.4.5 緩存 .........................................................................................................................319
13.5 安全性考慮 ...........................................................................................................................320
13.5.1 首部篡改 .................................................................................................................320
13.5.2 重放攻擊 .................................................................................................................320
13.5.3 多重認(rèn)證機(jī)制 .........................................................................................................320
13.5.4 詞典攻擊 .................................................................................................................321
13.5.5 惡意代理攻擊和中間人攻擊 .................................................................................321
13.5.6 選擇明文攻擊 .........................................................................................................321
13.5.7 存儲(chǔ)密碼 .................................................................................................................322
13.6 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................322
第14 章 安全HTTP .....................................................................................................................323
14.1 保護(hù)HTTP 的安全 ...............................................................................................................324
14.2 數(shù)字加密 ...............................................................................................................................326
14.2.1 密碼編制的機(jī)制與技巧 .........................................................................................326
14.2.2 密碼 .........................................................................................................................327
14.2.3 密碼機(jī) .....................................................................................................................328
14.2.4 使用了密鑰的密碼 .................................................................................................328
14.2.5 數(shù)字密碼 .................................................................................................................328
14.3 對(duì)稱密鑰加密技術(shù) ...............................................................................................................330
14.3.1 密鑰長度與枚舉攻擊 .............................................................................................330
14.3.2 建立共享密鑰 .........................................................................................................332
14.4 公開密鑰加密技術(shù) ...............................................................................................................332
14.4.1 RSA .........................................................................................................................333
14.4.2 混合加密系統(tǒng)和會(huì)話密鑰 .....................................................................................334
14.5 數(shù)字簽名 ...............................................................................................................................334
14.6 數(shù)字證書 ...............................................................................................................................336
14.6.1 證書的主要內(nèi)容 .....................................................................................................336
14.6.2 X.509 v3 證書 .........................................................................................................337
14.6.3 用證書對(duì)服務(wù)器進(jìn)行認(rèn)證 .....................................................................................338
14.7 HTTPS——細(xì)節(jié)介紹 ...........................................................................................................339
14.7.1 HTTPS 概述 ............................................................................................................339
14.7.2 HTTPS 方案 ............................................................................................................340
14.7.3 建立安全傳輸 .........................................................................................................341
14.7.4 SSL 握手 .................................................................................................................341
14.7.5 服務(wù)器證書 .............................................................................................................343
14.7.6 站點(diǎn)證書的有效性 .................................................................................................344
14.7.7 虛擬主機(jī)與證書 .....................................................................................................345
14.8 HTTPS 客戶端實(shí)例 ..............................................................................................................345
14.8.1 OpenSSL .................................................................................................................346
14.8.2 簡單的HTTPS 客戶端 ...........................................................................................347
14.8.3 執(zhí)行OpenSSL 客戶端 ...........................................................................................350
14.9 通過代理以隧道形式傳輸安全流量 ...................................................................................351
14.10 更多信息 .............................................................................................................................353
14.10.1 HTTP 安全性 ........................................................................................................353
14.10.2 SSL 與TLS ...........................................................................................................353
14.10.3 公開密鑰基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 ...............................................................................................354
14.10.4 數(shù)字密碼 ...............................................................................................................354
第四部分 實(shí)體、編碼和國際化
第15 章 實(shí)體和編碼 .....................................................................................................................357
15.1 報(bào)文是箱子，實(shí)體是貨物 ...................................................................................................359
15.1.1 實(shí)體主體 .................................................................................................................360
15.2 Content-Length: 實(shí)體的大小 ......................................................................................361
15.2.1 檢測截尾 .................................................................................................................361
15.2.2 錯(cuò)誤的Content-Length ....................................................................................362
15.2.3 Content-Length 與持久連接 ............................................................................362
15.2.4 內(nèi)容編碼 .................................................................................................................362
15.2.5 確定實(shí)體主體長度的規(guī)則 .....................................................................................362
15.3 實(shí)體摘要 ...............................................................................................................................364
15.4 媒體類型和字符集 ...............................................................................................................364
15.4.1 文本的字符編碼 .....................................................................................................365
15.4.2 多部分媒體類型 .....................................................................................................365
15.4.3 多部分表格提交 .....................................................................................................366
15.4.4 多部分范圍響應(yīng) .....................................................................................................367
15.5 內(nèi)容編碼 ...............................................................................................................................368
15.5.1 內(nèi)容編碼過程 .........................................................................................................368
15.5.2 內(nèi)容編碼類型 .........................................................................................................369
15.5.3 Accept-Encoding 首部 .....................................................................................369
15.6 傳輸編碼和分塊編碼 ...........................................................................................................371
15.6.1 可靠傳輸 .................................................................................................................371
15.6.2 Transfer-Encoding 首部 .................................................................................372
15.6.3 分塊編碼 .................................................................................................................373
15.6.4 內(nèi)容編碼與傳輸編碼的結(jié)合 .................................................................................375
15.6.5 傳輸編碼的規(guī)則 .....................................................................................................375
15.7 隨時(shí)間變化的實(shí)例 ...............................................................................................................375
15.8 驗(yàn)證碼和新鮮度 ...................................................................................................................376
15.8.1 新鮮度 .....................................................................................................................377
15.8.2 有條件的請求與驗(yàn)證碼 .........................................................................................378
15.9 范圍請求 ...............................................................................................................................380
15.10 差異編碼 .............................................................................................................................382
15.11 更多信息 .............................................................................................................................385
第16 章 國際化 ..............................................................................................................................387
16.1 HTTP 對(duì)國際性內(nèi)容的支持 ................................................................................................388
16.2 字符集與HTTP ....................................................................................................................389
16.2.1 字符集是把字符轉(zhuǎn)換為二進(jìn)制碼的編碼 .............................................................389
16.2.2 字符集和編碼如何工作 .........................................................................................390
16.2.3 字符集不對(duì)，字符就不對(duì) .....................................................................................391
16.2.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的MIME charset 值 ....................................................................................391
16.2.5 Content-Type 首部和Charset 首部以及META 標(biāo)志 .................................393
16.2.6 Accept-Charset 首部 ........................................................................................393
16.3 多語言字符編碼入門 ...........................................................................................................394
16.3.1 字符集術(shù)語 .............................................................................................................394
16.3.2 字符集的命名很糟糕 .............................................................................................395
16.3.3 字符 .........................................................................................................................396
16.3.4 字形、連筆以及表示形式 .....................................................................................396
16.3.5 編碼后的字符集 .....................................................................................................397
16.3.6 字符編碼方案 .........................................................................................................399
16.4 語言標(biāo)記與HTTP ................................................................................................................402
16.4.1 Content-Language 首部 ...................................................................................402
16.4.2 Accept-Language 首部 .....................................................................................403
16.4.3 語言標(biāo)記的類型 .....................................................................................................404
16.4.4 子標(biāo)記 .....................................................................................................................404
16.4.5 大小寫 .....................................................................................................................405
16.4.6 IANA 語言標(biāo)記注冊 ..............................................................................................405
16.4.7 第一個(gè)子標(biāo)記——名字空間 .................................................................................405
16.4.8 第二個(gè)子標(biāo)記——名字空間 .................................................................................406
16.4.9 其余子標(biāo)記——名字空間 .....................................................................................407
16.4.10 配置和語言有關(guān)的首選項(xiàng) ...................................................................................407
16.4.11 語言標(biāo)記參考表 ...................................................................................................407
16.5 國際化的URI .......................................................................................................................408
16.5.1 全球性的可轉(zhuǎn)抄能力與有意義的字符的較量 .....................................................408
16.5.2 URI 字符集合 .........................................................................................................408
16.5.3 轉(zhuǎn)義和反轉(zhuǎn)義 .........................................................................................................409
16.5.4 轉(zhuǎn)義國際化字符 .....................................................................................................409
16.5.5 URI 中的模態(tài)切換 .................................................................................................410
16.6 其他需要考慮的地方 ...........................................................................................................410
16.6.1 首部和不合規(guī)范的數(shù)據(jù) .........................................................................................410
16.6.2 日期 .........................................................................................................................411
16.6.3 域名 .........................................................................................................................411
16.7 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................411
16.7.1 附錄 .........................................................................................................................411
16.7.2 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的國際化 .....................................................................................................411
16.7.3 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn) .................................................................................................................412
第17 章 內(nèi)容協(xié)商與轉(zhuǎn)碼 ............................................................................................................413
17.1 內(nèi)容協(xié)商技術(shù) .......................................................................................................................414
17.2 客戶端驅(qū)動(dòng)的協(xié)商 ...............................................................................................................415
17.3 服務(wù)器驅(qū)動(dòng)的協(xié)商 ...............................................................................................................415
17.3.1 內(nèi)容協(xié)商首部集 .....................................................................................................416
17.3.2 內(nèi)容協(xié)商首部中的質(zhì)量值 .....................................................................................417
17.3.3 隨其他首部集而變化 .............................................................................................417
17.3.4 Apache 中的內(nèi)容協(xié)商 ............................................................................................417
17.3.5 服務(wù)器端擴(kuò)展 .........................................................................................................418
17.4 透明協(xié)商 ...............................................................................................................................419
17.4.1 進(jìn)行緩存與備用候選 .............................................................................................419
17.4.2 Vary 首部 ...............................................................................................................420
17.5 轉(zhuǎn)碼 ......................................................................................................................................422
17.5.1 格式轉(zhuǎn)換 .................................................................................................................422
17.5.2 信息綜合 .................................................................................................................423
17.5.3 內(nèi)容注入 .................................................................................................................423
17.5.4 對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)碼與靜態(tài)預(yù)生成 .........................................................................................423
17.6 下一步計(jì)劃 ...........................................................................................................................424
17.7 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................424
第五部分 內(nèi)容發(fā)布與分發(fā)
第18 章 Web 主機(jī)托管 ...............................................................................................................429
18.1 主機(jī)托管服務(wù) .......................................................................................................................430
18.2 虛擬主機(jī)托管 .......................................................................................................................431
18.2.1 虛擬服務(wù)器請求缺乏主機(jī)信息 .............................................................................432
18.2.2 設(shè)法讓虛擬主機(jī)托管正常工作 .............................................................................433
18.2.3 HTTP/1.1 的Host 首部 ..........................................................................................437
18.3 使網(wǎng)站更可靠 .......................................................................................................................438
18.3.1 鏡像的服務(wù)器集群 .................................................................................................438
18.3.2 內(nèi)容分發(fā)網(wǎng)絡(luò) .........................................................................................................440
18.3.3 CDN 中的反向代理緩存 .......................................................................................440
18.3.4 CDN 中的代理緩存 ...............................................................................................440
18.4 讓網(wǎng)站更快 ...........................................................................................................................441
18.5 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................441
第19 章 發(fā)布系統(tǒng) .........................................................................................................................443
19.1 FrontPage 為支持發(fā)布而做的服務(wù)器擴(kuò)展 .........................................................................444
19.1.1 FrontPage 服務(wù)器擴(kuò)展 ...........................................................................................444
19.1.2 FrontPage 術(shù)語表 ...................................................................................................445
19.1.3 FrontPage 的RPC 協(xié)議 ..........................................................................................445
19.1.4 FrontPage 的安全模型 ...........................................................................................448
19.2 WebDAV 與協(xié)作寫作 ..........................................................................................................449
19.2.1 WebDAV 的方法.....................................................................................................449
19.2.2 WebDAV 與XML ...................................................................................................450
19.2.3 WebDAV 首部集.....................................................................................................451
19.2.4 WebDAV 的鎖定與防止覆寫.................................................................................452
19.2.5 LOCK 方法 ...............................................................................................................453
19.2.6 UNLOCK 方法 ..........................................................................................................456
19.2.7 屬性和元數(shù)據(jù) .........................................................................................................456
19.2.8 PROPFIND 方法 .....................................................................................................457
19.2.9 PROPPATCH 方法 ...................................................................................................459
19.2.10 集合與名字空間管理 ...........................................................................................460
19.2.11 MKCOL 方法...........................................................................................................460
19.2.12 DELETE 方法 ........................................................................................................461
19.2.13 COPY 與MOVE 方法 .............................................................................................462
19.2.14 增強(qiáng)的HTTP/1.1 方法 .........................................................................................465
19.2.15 WebDAV 中的版本管理.......................................................................................466
19.2.16 WebDAV 的未來發(fā)展...........................................................................................466
19.3 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................467
第20 章 重定向與負(fù)載均衡 .......................................................................................................469
20.1 為什么要重定向 ...................................................................................................................470
20.2 重定向到何地 .......................................................................................................................471
20.3 重定向協(xié)議概覽 ...................................................................................................................471
20.4 通用的重定向方法 ...............................................................................................................474
20.4.1 HTTP 重定向 ..........................................................................................................474
20.4.2 DNS 重定向 ............................................................................................................475
20.4.3 任播尋址 .................................................................................................................480
20.4.4 IP MAC 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā) ..........................................................................................................481
20.4.5 IP 地址轉(zhuǎn)發(fā) ............................................................................................................482
20.4.6 網(wǎng)元控制協(xié)議 .........................................................................................................484
20.5 代理的重定向方法 ...............................................................................................................485
20.5.1 顯式瀏覽器配置 .....................................................................................................485
20.5.2 代理自動(dòng)配置 .........................................................................................................485
20.5.3 Web 代理自動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)協(xié)議 .........................................................................................487
20.6 緩存重定向方法 ...................................................................................................................492
20.7 因特網(wǎng)緩存協(xié)議 ...................................................................................................................496
20.8 緩存陣列路由協(xié)議 ...............................................................................................................497
20.9 超文本緩存協(xié)議 ...................................................................................................................500
20.9.1 HTCP 認(rèn)證 ..............................................................................................................502
20.9.2 設(shè)置緩存策略 .........................................................................................................503
20.10 更多信息 .............................................................................................................................504
第21 章 日志記錄與使用情況跟蹤 ..........................................................................................505
21.1 記錄的內(nèi)容 ...........................................................................................................................506
21.2 日志格式 ...............................................................................................................................507
21.2.1 常見日志格式 .........................................................................................................507
21.2.2 組合日志格式 .........................................................................................................508
21.2.3 Netscape 的擴(kuò)展日志格式 .....................................................................................509
21.2.4 Netscape 擴(kuò)展2 日志格式 .....................................................................................510
21.2.5 Squid 代理日志格式 ...............................................................................................512
21.3 命中率測量 ...........................................................................................................................515
21.3.1 概述 .........................................................................................................................515
21.3.2 Meter 首部 ..............................................................................................................516
21.4 關(guān)于隱私的考慮 ...................................................................................................................517
21.5 更多信息 ...............................................................................................................................518
第六部分 附 錄
附錄A URI 方案 ............................................................................................................................521
附錄B HTTP 狀態(tài)碼 ....................................................................................................................529
附錄C HTTP 首部參考 ...............................................................................................................533
附錄D MIME 類型 ........................................................................................................................557
附錄E Base-64 編碼 ....................................................................................................................603
附錄F 摘要認(rèn)證 .............................................................................................................................607
附錄G 語言標(biāo)記 ............................................................................................................................615
附錄H MIME 字符集注冊表.......................................................................................................641
索引 ......................................................................................................................................................661